The eleven cases, and when each one fits
| Case | Example | Typical use |
|---|---|---|
| UPPERCASE | QUARTERLY REPORT |
Headings on forms, acronyms, warnings |
| lowercase | quarterly report |
Resetting text that was typed with Caps Lock on |
| Title Case | The Art of the Deal |
Book, article and section titles |
| Sentence case | The art of the deal. |
Body text, most UK and Indian headlines, UI labels |
| camelCase | quarterlyReport |
JavaScript, Java and Swift variables |
| PascalCase | QuarterlyReport |
Class and component names, C# methods |
| snake_case | quarterly_report |
Python variables, database columns, file names |
| kebab-case | quarterly-report |
URLs, CSS classes, HTML attributes |
| CONSTANT_CASE | QUARTERLY_REPORT |
Environment variables, constants |
| aLtErNaTiNg | qUaRtErLy rEpOrT |
Memes and sarcasm |
| Invert | qUARTERLY rEPORT |
Undoing an accidental Caps Lock paragraph |
Conversions apply to whatever is in the box at that moment, so you can chain them: paste a shouting email, click lowercase, then Sentence case, and it reads like a normal message.
How Title Case decides what to capitalise
Most style guides (AP, Chicago, APA) agree on the core rule: capitalise every word except short articles, conjunctions and prepositions, and always capitalise the first and last word. This tool follows that rule with a fixed list of small words: a, an, the, and, or, of, in, on, at, to, for. It also capitalises after hyphens and slashes, so state-of-the-art becomes State-Of-The-Art and input/output becomes Input/Output, which matches Chicago’s treatment of hyphenated compounds in titles.
Sentence case does the opposite: it lowercases everything, then capitalises the first letter after a full stop, question mark, exclamation mark or line break, and restores the pronoun I. Proper nouns are not preserved, because the tool has no dictionary; check names, brands and acronyms after converting.
Worked example
You have a slide heading typed in a hurry:
implementing the new onboarding process for interns and part-time staff- Title Case →
Implementing the New Onboarding Process for Interns and Part-Time Staff. Note the, for and and stay lowercase while Part-Time is capitalised on both sides of the hyphen. - Sentence case →
Implementing the new onboarding process for interns and part-time staff. - snake_case →
implementing_the_new_onboarding_process_for_interns_and_part_time_staff, handy as a file or sheet name. - kebab-case →
implementing-the-new-onboarding-process-for-interns-and-part-time-staff, ready to paste into a URL slug.
The programming cases split on any non-letter character and also on existing capital letters, so userIDNumber becomes user_id_number in snake_case and user-id-number in kebab-case. Digits stay attached to the word before them (version2Beta → version2_beta).
Practical tips
- British and Indian newspapers and most government documents use sentence case for headlines; American publications lean towards title case. Match the convention of wherever the text will appear rather than personal taste.
- For SEO, title case in the page title is a stylistic choice; it has no ranking effect. Consistency across a site matters more.
- Web addresses should be kebab-case and lowercase. Uppercase letters in URLs are technically distinct paths on many servers and cause duplicate-content problems.
- Filenames for shared drives are safest in snake_case or kebab-case without spaces, especially if scripts or automation will touch them later.
- Run the Text Cleaner first if the text came from a PDF or chat; stray Markdown asterisks and non-breaking spaces would otherwise be treated as word boundaries.
- After any conversion, use Copy rather than selecting the text by hand; on mobile it copies the whole box reliably, including line breaks.
Frequently asked questions
What is sentence case?
Only the first letter of each sentence is capitalized, plus the pronoun "I". It is the normal style for body text.